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中考必背的20组词语辨析
■ 中考考点
初中阶段大致有150组词语辨析,近几年中考英语常考的有20组左右?中考试题考查词语辨析主要是每组词或短语之间的细小差别,是为了检测同学们辨别词形和运用词汇的能力?
词语辨析集中在对实词,即对名词?动词?形容词?副词等的考查?主要考查同义?近义?形近词汇的辨析以及词组与习惯用法的辨析?
■ 必背知识
1. after, in
这两个介词都可以表示(时间)以后的意思?
after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中?如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的?
in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中?如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走?
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问?如:How long ago was it? 这是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频率副词或状语(如once a week等)提问?如:How often does he come here? Once a month. 他(每隔)多久来一次?每月一次?
how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能赶来?
3. few, a few, little, a little, several, some
few 和little的意思是否定的,表示很少或几乎没有而a few和a little的意思是肯定的,表示有一些,有一点儿?
few 和 a few修饰可数名词;little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词?
several用于修饰可数名词,语意比a few和some更肯定,含有好几个的意思?
some可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词,从数量上说,它有时相当于a few 或 a little,有时指更多一些的数量?
4. the other, another
the other 指两个人或事物中的另一个,表示特指?如:We stood on one side of the road and they stood on the other. 我们站在街这边,他们站在那边?
another着重于不定数目中的另外一个,表示泛指,所以常用来指至少三个中的一个?如:She has taken another of my books. 她已经拿了我的另外一本书?
5. spend, take, cost, pay
spend的宾语通常是时间?金钱?在主动语态中,句子的主语必须是人,而且后面不能用动词不定式做它的宾语?如:She spent the whole evening in reading. 她把整个晚上用来读书?
take常常用来指花费时间,句子的主语通常是表示事物的词语?如:How long will this job take you?你做这项工作要花多长时间?
cost 指花费时间?金钱或力气等,只能用表示事物的词做主语,并且不能用于被动语态?如:How much does the jacket cost?这件夹克多少钱?
pay 主要指主语(某人)买某物(或为某事)付多少钱(给某人)?如:I pay for my rooms by month. 我按月支付租金?
6. speak, say, talk, tell
这四个动词都有说的意思?speak的意思是讲话;演讲,着重指说话的动作,指开口说或连续不断地说,多用作不及物动词;用作及物动词时,其宾语是语言名称?如:He can speak Japanese. 他会说日语?
say的意思是讲,一般用作及物动词,着重指说话的内容?它的宾语可以是名词?代词或直接引语等?如:She says, Dont draw on the wall!她说:别在墙上画画!
talk的意思是讲;谈话,与speak意义比较接近,但不如speak正式,着重强调两人之间的相互谈话,也可指单方面的谈话?如:She is talking with John in English.她正在和约翰用英语交谈?
tell意为告诉;讲述;吩咐,多指以口头方式将某事告诉某人,常接双宾语?除了story, news, truth, joke, lie(谎言)等直接宾语外,还可以接人等间接宾语?如:She is telling the children a story.她正在给孩子们讲故事?
7. among, between
between 的意思是在中间,在之间,一般指在两者之间?如:There is a table between two windows. 在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子?between 有时也表示在多于两个以上的事物之间,但那是指在每二者之间?如:the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之间的关系(这里是指每两个省市之间的相互关系?)
among 的意思是在中间?在之中,一般指在三个或三个以上的同类事物之中?如:The teacher distributed them among the students. 老师把这些东西分给了学生?
8. beat, win
这两个词都有获胜,打败的意思,但其后宾语不同?beat是打败,优于的意思,后面接人或队?如:We beat them. 我们打败了他们?
win指赢,获胜,后面接比赛?名次?如:We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我们赢了这场比赛(获得了第一名)?
9. agree with, agree on, agree to
agree on表示就取得一致意见?如:We all agree on (making) an early start. 我们一致同意及早出发?
agree with表示与意见一致,后面既可以跟表示人的名词或人称代词,也可以跟表示意见?看法的名词或what引导的从句?如:I agree with you without reservation.我毫无保留地同意你的意见?We agree with what you said just now.我们同意你刚才所说的意见?
agree to后面不能接人,只能接提议,计划,方案等词句?如:I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意拟议的条件?
10. bring, take, carry,fetch
这四个词都是动词,都含有带或拿的意思,但使用的场合各不相同?
bring作带来,拿来解?如:Next time dont forget to bring me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份你的作品带给我?
take是bring的对语,作带去,拿去解?如:Take the box away, please. 请把盒子拿走?
carry表示运载,携带之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车?船,也可以用手甚至用头?如:This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 这辆巴士准载一百人?
fetch则表示去拿来的意思?如:Please fetch me the documents in that room. 请到那间房间去把文件拿来给我?
11. each, every
两词都是每个的意思,但着重点不同?each着重个别的情况,every着重全体,有所有的的意思?如:She knows each student of the class.她认识这个班里的每一个学生?She knows every student of the class.她认识这个班所有的学生?
12. no one, none
no one指没有人(只能指人,不能用来指物),意思与nobody相同,作主语时不必跟of连用,如:No one believes him since he is not honest. 没有人相信他,因为他不诚实?No one else but I went. 除我以外,谁也没去?
none指一个也没有(既可指人,也可指物),作主语时代替不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词,谓语动词用单?复数都可以?但在主+系+表结构中,如果表语为复数,则系动词要用复数形式?如:None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我们谁也不怕困难?
13. go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个动词短语都有继续做某事的意思,其区别如下:go on doing表示继续做,一直在做某事(中间无间断)go on to do表示接着做某事,即某事已做完,接着做另一件事;go on with也表示继续做某事,其含义是某一动作一度中止后,又继续下去?
14. too much, much too
二者都有太,非常之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词?副词,不可修饰动词?如:Its much too cold.天气实在是太冷了?
too much作太多讲,有以下三种用法?
(1)作名词词组?如:You have given us too much. 你给我们的太多了?
(2)作形容词词组修饰不可数名词?如:Dont drink too
much wine. 不要饮太多的酒?
(3)作副词词组修饰不及物动词?如:She talks too much. 她说话太多?
15. lonely, alone
二者都可表示孤独,独自,alone指客观存在的孤独,而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的寂寞?如:I went alone. 我是一个人去的?Mary lived alone, but she didnt feel lonely. 玛丽孤身一人生活,但她并不感到孤独?
16. happen, take place与occur
happen有偶然的意思,多用于客观事物?情况的发生?如:Whatever has happened to your arm? Its all swollen. 你的手臂怎么了?肿得好历害?
occur 指有计划地使某些事发生?有时强调呈现于人的知觉中?如:Did it occur to you to phone them about it?你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话?
具体事物?事件作主语时,happen和occur可以通用?如:The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 事故是昨天发生的?
take place 指事件发生,但常用来表示举行的意思,带有非偶然性?例如:The meeting took place last night.会议昨晚举行?
17. in front of, in the front of
in front of的意思是在前面?如:There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵树?
in the front of的意思是在前部,指在某个空间范围内的前面?如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室里前部有一块黑板?
18. find, find out
两者都有发现的意思,但语义有差别?find有偶然发现某物的意味?如:He found a bag on the floor. 他发现地板上有个书包?
find out指经过,探听,询问,指调查之后的发现或弄清楚?如:Please find out who took my book by mistake.请查清楚谁错拿了我的书?
19. noise, voice, sound
这三个词都作声音解,在表示听到声音这个意思时,三者可以通用?但它们又各有特定的含义?
sound 作声音解,含义最广,指可以听到的任何声音,如:a weak sound 微弱的声?
noise作噪音,嘈杂声,吵闹声解,指不悦耳,不和谐的声音?它既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词?如:Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一种污染是噪音?
voice 作声音解时,多指人发出的声音,包括说话声?歌声和笑声?如:He shouted at the top of voice. 他高声呼喊?有时也用于引申意义,作意见?发言权解?如:I have no voice in the matter. 对于这件事,我没有发言权?
20. arrive, get, reach
三者均可表示到达,arrive后通常接介词at(一般用于较小的地方)或 in(一般用于较大的地方)?如:We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们晚了5分钟到车站?又如:They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎?
get之后通常接介词to?如:When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我们到达公园时,就开始下雨了?
reach是及物动词(较 get更正式),其后可直接跟地点名词做宾语(不能用介词)?如:He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京?
■ 中考真题
单项选择?
1. (2008年安徽) A lot of story books are on sale, but ______ good ones.
A. any B. some
C. few D. many
2. (2008年安徽) Is Mr. Brown driving here?
Im not sure. He _____ come by train.
A. may B. shall
C. need D. must
3. (2008年安徽) The music made me think of the _______ of a running stream.
A. shout B. noise
C. voice D. sound
4. (2008年广东清远) How nice the MP4 is! How much is it?
It ______ me 500 yuan.
A. spent B. cost
C. bought D. paid
5. (2008年上海)After a long journey, the eight pandas from Wolong safely ____ in Beijing.
A. arrived B. reached
C. got D. came
6. (2007年山东济南)Dont forget to _______ Thank you when someone has helped you.
A. speak B. tell
C. say D. talk
7. (2008年湖北黄石)Please ______ your notebook with you when you come.
A. take B. carry
C. bring D. hold
8. (2008年福建泉州)Mike, you _____ the magazine since last week. Can you return it now?
Sure.
A. borrowed
B. have borrowed
C. have kept
D. lent
9. (2008年安徽) What do you often do _______ classes to relax yourself?
Listen to music.
A. over B. among
C. between D. through
10. (2008年安徽)Our team ______ the match. Weve got the first place!
Well done! Congratulations!
A. hit B. beat
C. won D. watched
11. (2008年四川攀枝花)There are a lot of colorful flowers on ________ sides of the streets.
A. each B. both
C. either D. all
12. (2008年山东济宁)He seemed to be worried in the waiting room. A bottle of water went from one of his hands to _________.
A. another
B. others
C. the other
D. the others
13. (2008年湖北孝感)Why does Kate look upset?
Perhaps she has made _______ mistakes in her homework.
A. little B. a little
C. few D. a few
14. (2008年山东临沂) _________ do you go to the library?
I usually go to the library twice a week.
A. How long
B. How often
C. How far
D. How many
建议
词语辨析是英语学习中的一个难点?中考英语试题中一般以选择题较为常见,如同义?近义辨析的题目,一般为单项选择题,往往是通过给几个词性相同,词义相同或相近的词,让同学们选择一个最确切的答案,此类题目相对而言难度较小?词语辨析也可能出现在完形填空中,近年来完形填空中有关词语辨析的题目所占比例较大,这类题相对较难,因为要做好这类题不仅需要掌握较大的词汇量,而且要具备运用词组的知识和技能?
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