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初中英语总复习 易混词盘点
从近年来的中考题可以看出命题者的目的都是要考查学生对一些较易混淆、形式上非常相近的词(词组)是否能掌握扎实，是否熟悉每个词组的中文意思并能在句子中熟练运用。要想做对以上出现的类似的中考考题，考生必须能总结清各种初中阶段所学过的较易混淆、形式上非常相近的词(词组)，熟记所有词组的中文意思，熟悉它们的用法和区别。为了方便同学们复习，特将常考易混词(词组)整理如下：
一、容易混淆的动词：
[考试说明] 了解及物动词和不及物动词用法；掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、状语以及疑问词连用构成不定式短语的基本用法；理解动词不定式作主语和定语的用法；初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在用法上的区别等。
1. come be here
[误] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。
与此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost take spend pay
[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费钱要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。
3. join take part in
[误] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指参加组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是加入某人，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指参加多长时间就要用延续动词be in或be a member，而不能用join。
4. borrow lend keep
[误] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] Its a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
borrow意思是借(进)，后面跟介词from，lend意思是借(出)，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie lay lain
[误] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有两个意思，一个是说谎，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是躺，卧；位于，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。
lay意思是放；孵(蛋)，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。
6. be made in be made of be made from be made up of
[误] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是由生产，强调产地；be made of意思是用制成，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是用制成，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是由构成或组成，指人或物都可，指结构成分。
7. stop to do stop doing
[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思停止做某事(不做了)，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。
二、容易混淆的名词：
[考试说明] 了解名词在句中所充当的成分，理解并能区别所学的可数名词和不可数名词；熟练掌握所学可数名词复数形式的构成，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握物质名词及其数量的表达方法；了解专有名词的概念及一般用法；熟练掌握所学名词所有格的用法；了解集合名词和抽象名词的概念及一般用法。
1. job work
[误] Im busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.
[正] Im busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作，实际含义是职业，而work通常指抽象意义上的工作，是不可数名词，也可指工作场所。
2. by train change trains
[误] We came here by the train.
[正] We came here by train.
[正] We came here on/in the train.
[误] We have to change the train at the next station.
[正] We have to change trains at the next station.
train意思是火车，表示乘火车，用by train或on/ the train，表示换火车，train必须用复数形式，且前面不加限定词。
三、容易混淆的形容词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握形容词作定语、表语及宾语补足语的用法；熟练掌握表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因等疑问副词的用法；熟练掌握形容词、副词比较等级的构成和good、well、many、much等不规则变化；掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不规则变化；能熟练运用下列句型表示两者(人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较；初步掌握用much、little等副词在用法上的区别。
1. any some
[误] Have you got some money with you?
[正] Have you got any money with you?
[误] Would you like any milk?
[正] Would you like some milk?
any和some意思是一些，用作定语，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。any多用于否定句和疑问句，some多用于肯定句。
但如果说话人表示请求，提议或希望得到肯定回答的意义时，some也可用在疑问句中；some还可用于单数名词前，表示未知或说话人不想特别说明的人、地、物等，意思是某一，某个。
如果表示任何，无论哪个时，any可用在肯定句中。
2. either each both neither every
[误] There are many flowers on either side of the street.
[误] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.
[误] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.
[误] Every student has not finished their homework.
[正] No student has finished their homework.
either意思是两者之一的，each意思是任意一个的，neither意思是两者都不的，every强调整体，意思是个个。
3. few/little a few /a little
[误] Sorry, I have few money on me.
[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.
[误] Her books are few.
[正] She has few books.
[误] The work needs a few number of workers.
[正] The work needs a small number of workers.
[正] The work needs a few workers.
few后跟可数名词复数，little后跟不可数名词，都表示几乎没有的否定性意思；a few和a little区别也在于前者跟可数名词，后者跟不可数名词，都表示有几个的肯定性意思。
4. no not
no意思是没有，可以否定一切名词，修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数时等于not any，修饰可数名词单数时等于not a/an；如果被修饰的名词通常情况下只有一个，则用它的单数形式；不能用a、the、all、every等限制词之前，而not可以。
not意思是不，不是，可以否定一切动词，修饰动词。
no more than意思是不过，仅仅，相当于only，修饰数量词，强调少的含义；not more than意思是至多，不多于，不超过，用于陈述事实；no morethan和not morethan多用于多音节形容词的比较级。
5. already yet still
[误] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off yet.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off already.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
already意思是已经，一般用于肯定句，常与完成时连用，常用于句中；yet意思是已经，还，一般用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末；still意思是仍然，还是，强调动作在进行，主要用于肯定句，常用于句中。
6. also too either so neither nor
[误] My parents didnt like swimming, nor did his.
[正] My parents didnt like swimming, neither did his.
also用于肯定句，一般放在行为动词之前、助动词、情态动词、系动词之后，too一般用于肯定句末，前面常用逗号；either一般用于否定句末，前面也用逗号；so置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况也适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；so后的主语与前一句主语是同一个人或物时，后面的主谓不倒装，表示确实如此；neither置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况不适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；nor常与not连用，表示也不，neither和nor都可用来对前面的否定陈述加以补充，如果补充的成分否定的不是同一事物，同一内容，就只能用nor，不可用neither；当否定的并列分句有两个以上时，只能用nor，因为neither只能指两者中的一个，nor指三个以上的另一个。
7. sometimes sometime some time some times
[误] You can only keep the book for sometime.
[正] You can only keep the book for some time.
sometimes是频度副词，意思是有时，不时，常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用；sometime是副词，意思是在某个不确定的时间，在某个时候，某时，可与将来时或过去时连用；some time是名词词组，意思是一段时间，做时间状语，也可用作副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时刻，常指将来，此时可与sometime通用；some times是名词词组，意思是几次，几倍。
四、容易混淆的介词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握介词in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、before的常见用法；理解这11个介词的其他用法及所学其他介词的一般用法。
1. above below under
[误] Our classroom is over theirs.
[正] Our classroom is above theirs.
[误] The plane flew above the bridge.
[正] The plane flew over the bridge.
[误] The lights hung above the desk.
[正] The lights hung over the desk.
above、over都表示在上面，且都表示表面不接触的上方，但over指垂直在上，而above则表示位置较高，不一定是正上方。
below、under都表示在下面，below指位置低于某物或在某物的下方，但不一定在某物的正下方，其反义词是above，而under指在某物的正下方，有垂直在下的意思，其反义词是over。
2. by on over through
[误] Theyre talking on the radio.
[正] Theyre talking by radio.
通过无线电交谈习惯上说talk by radio，名词前不加冠词。
通过收音机听到习惯上说hear sth. on/over/through the radio，名词前加冠词。
通过电视看到习惯上说watch sth. on TV。
通过电话交谈习惯上说talk with sb. on/over the telephone。
通过人造卫星收发电视节目习惯上说through man-made satellites。
3. in on to
[误] Tian wan is to the east of China.
[误] Tian wan is on the east of China.
[正] Tian wan is in the east of China.
表示方位在(东西南北)边)时，介词in、on、to有不同的用法。以在东部为例，表示在该地范围之内，用in the east of，表示在该地与某地相邻，有接壤之意，用on the east of，表示不在该地范围，且有中间物，用to the east of。
4. in the end at the end of by the end of at last
都有最后的意思，但in the end表示结果，末了，与at last是同义词组，at the end of表示在末端，尽头，后面要接名词短语，by the end of表示在结束时，末了为止，后面接时间短语。
5. to for toward(s)
[误] He is leaving to HongKong next month.
[正] He is leaving for HongKong next month.
to，toward(s)作静态介词，表示静态位置时，均表示朝或向，一般两者可通用，towards指时间将近，意思是nearly；to则表示一段时间的终点，差到的意思；for常用在leave、start等后面，表示要去的目的地，不可用to。
五、容易混淆的连词：
[考试说明] 掌握并列连词(如：and、but、or)和从属连词(如：when、if、that等)的基本用法。
1. because since as for
[误] Because he was ill, so he didnt go to school today.
[正] Because he was ill, he didnt go to school today.
[正] He didnt go to school today because he was ill.
because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是正式的理由。在含because的句子中，全句强调的重点在原因上，不在主句的结果上。因此，回答why提出的问题时，只能用because，不能用since、as或for。because of后面只能跟短语，不能跟从句。
since表示的原因，指人们已知的事实，常译为既然，引导的从句只是一种附带的说明原因，不是对原因的强调。because与since不能与so连用。
as表示原因与since差别不大，只是语气更弱，是显而易见的理由。
for表示因果关系时，可与because替换使用，所不同的只是它只能放在主句之后，不能放在句首。在含for的句子里，for从句有时只是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因，与前一分句不存在因果关系。
2.eitheror neithernor not onlybut also bothand
