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全国职称英语等级考试大纲就阅读理解能力的考核目标作了如下规定：
读者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解本专业的或一般内容的英语书面材料。阅读能力主要包括下列几个方面：
1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;
2.了解阐述主旨的事实和细节;
3.利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义;
4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系;
5.根据所读材料进行判断和推论;
6.领会作者的观点、意图和态度。
根据考试大纲规定的考核目标，我们归纳出相应的六种阅读理解题的类型，并具体地探讨如何答好这些阅读理解题。
1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意
掌握所读材料的主旨和大意是正确理解全文的关键。对主题思想的提问是阅读理解测试的必考题。但提问方式及用词都有差异，这类题常见提问方式可归纳如下：
1. The main idea of this passage is _______
2. This passage tells us_______
3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the authors main point?
5. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
6. The subject matter of this selection is ______
7. The passage mainly discusses_______
8. This passage illustrates ______
9. This paragraph centers / focuses on ______
10. This passage mainly deals with ______
11. This passage is chiefly concerned with ______
12. The authors purpose in writing this passage is _______
13. What is the passage mainly about?
14. What is the best title of the passage?
15. The major point discussed in the passage is
解答这一类题目的基本方法如下：
A.找出主题句。首先要读标题，因为标题往往是主题句中的核心词或概括性的词。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途径就是找出主题句。主题句一般位于文章或段落的开始，然后围绕主题展开论述。因为许多作者喜欢采用从一般到个别的论证或叙述方式，即演绎法。这是一种很常见的文章或段落的写作形式。若作者采用归纳法，即从个别到一般来论证或叙述，主题旬就会位于段末。除此之外，主题句还有可能位于段落的中间。找到主题句后，就应以它为标准，在解题时，凡是与主题句意思最接近的选项必然是正确的答案。
例1
In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm.As you listen to a son9，your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.Before lon9，your entire body seems to be moving with it.Your head pounds with the beat，and there is no room for thought.Only the surge of the music is important.In its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an evergrowing emotional one.
在这一段文章中 In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. 为主题句。beat则是句子的信息核心。该词在第2、4、6句里重复出现，而第3句中的rhythm跟beat意思基本一致，这就保证了主题平稳而持续的发展。请注意：第8、9句作者重申并总结了主题句，而不是说段末是主题句。
例2
The vegetable and fruit and flower merchants are surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants， green peppers，strings of tiny silvery onions，heads of bitter Indian spinach.and a dozen Indian vegetables for which I dont even know the English names.I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia，as winter approaches all vegetables except for potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from the menus.
主题句在中间的第二句I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow.
例3
People live in cities today think that meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane.from the supermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feather grows in hats. The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest，potatoes are planted and weeded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.
主题句为最后一句 Yet，whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.
以上为叙述的方便并考虑到篇幅的限制，只选单段短文为例。实际上阅读理解题中大部分是多段短文。但主题句一般出现在起始段。
B.概括和归纳出主题思想。实际上，在阅读理解测试部分有的文章是没有主题句的。这是由于文章的体裁不同或是由于阅读的短文是从篇幅较长的文章中节选的。这时就要靠读者自己进行概括或归纳隐含的主题思想了。概括主题可以从归纳每段的要点开始，最后将各段要点集中概括并归纳出全文的主题思想。下面不妨考察几个例子：
例4
A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day long, the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.
这一段的隐含主题句可概括为Driving a bus is hard work.
例5
A green I-538 form is used by international students in order to obtain permission from the Immigration and Naturalization Service to transfer from one university to another in the United States. If you are planning to transfer, remember that you must obtain the permission before leaving the university where you are currently studying. You must complete the form I-538, have it signed by the foreign student advisor, and submit it to the District Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service together with the form I-20 from the new school and the small, white form I-94 that was affixed to your passport when you entered the country.
Submitting the signed 1-538 and other documents does not insure permission to transfer. Only an official of Immigration can decide each case. Students who have not completed one term of study at the school that issued them their first I-20 are not advised to file for permission to transfer until they have completed one term.
这篇短文的隐含主题旬可归纳为 What should an international student d0.if he or she wants to transfer from one university to another in the United States.
2.了解阐述主旨的事实和细节
为了准确理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想，我们必须要找到与中心思想有关的事实和细节。一个好的作者必然会引用事实、或分析原因、或对比事物间的关系等以论证自己的论点。常用以提问这类事实和细节的问题有两种。一种是要求找出文章中的重要事实或细节，这些常与wh0，when，where，which或why有关。另一种问题是辨认哪些细节在文章中没被提及。这些问题常有except，not，least等。例如：
1. What causes ?
2. Some people do sth. because__________
3. Sb. is because ________.
4. Why does the author mention ...?
5. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...?
6. Where in the passage does the author describe...?
7. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing ...?
8. What time does the writer think is ?
9. What does the author pay least attention to?
10. Which of the following is not a result of _______?
11. All of the following may be ... except ________.
12. Which of the following is not mentioned?
13. Which of the following statements is true ?
14. The author states all of the items listed except_______.
为了正确回答这一类题目，读者往往要采用各种阅读方法和解题技巧，也就是综合解题法。在通读全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基础上，首先要仔细看懂问题，明确问的是什么，然后按照题意进行寻读，找到正确答案的根据。
例1
Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
1. According to the passage, with the development of modem industry, .
A. factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in number
B. there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers
C. employers have attached great importance to factory laborers
D. the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased
本题具体涉及对第一段的中心意思的理解，尤其是对这段最后一句中losing in numerical importance的确切理解。这一段的大致意思是，当今的社会已经成为一个雇员的社会。大约在100年前，5个美国人中只有1个人是被雇佣为别人干活的。今天，5个人中只有l个人是为自己干而不被雇佣的。50年前，被雇佣就意味着当工厂或农场的劳动力。而今天，越来越多的雇员是接受过正规教育的中产阶层。他们承担了需要智力和技术的职业或管理工作。50年以来，美国社会的确有两个特点：中层和上层雇员成了工薪队伍中人数快速增长的一部分一其速度之快使得作为工业革命最早的产物的产业工人在人数上相形见绌，尽管工业生产还在扩大规模。所以选项D是正确答案。选项A意思与选项D正好相反。同样，选项B和选项C都不对。
2. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is________.
A. less important than awareness of being a good employee
B. as important as the ability to deal with public relations
C. more important than employer--employee relations
D. as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization
本题考查读者对文章第二段中关于专门知识和技能的重要性的论点的理解。学生可以 从最后一句找出正确答案。这一句指出，人们失败的原因更多的是不具备当雇员的要素，而不是缺乏本行业的专业技能。因此选项A是正确答案。选项B说的是公共关系的能力， 是误解，因为文章说的是单位内部开展工作的能力，如内部合作的好。选项C把意思颠倒了。选项D说两者同等重要，当然也不对。
例2
To prepare for career in engineerin9, a student must begin planning in high school. Mathematics and science should form the core curriculum.For example，in a school where sixteen credit hours are required for high school graduation，four should be in mathematics，one each in chemistry，biology，and physics.The remaining credits should include four in English and at least three in the humanities and social sciences.The average entering freshman in engineering should have achieved at least a 2.5 grade point average on a 4.0 scale in his or her high sch001. Although deficiencies can be corrected during the first year，the student who needs additional work should expect tO spend five instead of four years completing a degree.
1.What is the average grade point that an entering freshman in engineering should have achieved in his or her high school?
答案：2.5.
2.When should a student begin planning for a career in engineering?
答案：In high sch001.
3.In normal situations，how many years are needed for a student to complete a degree?答案：Four.
4.How many credits are required for a high school diploma?
答案：Sixteen.
5.How many credits need a student have in English?
答案：Four.
3.根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义
在阅读理解测试中必然要考查对词或词组的意思的理解。这也是测试考生阅读能力的一种方法。在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、构词法和词汇等知识确定它们的意义。掌握这一基本技能不仅能帮助读者从词或词组的多种义项中选择符合上下文的解释，而且往往还能推测某些生词的大致意思。常见的这类题型有：
1. The word ... in line ... refers to ______.
2. The expression ... is closest in meaning to
3. In line.., the word ... most probably means ________
4. In line.., the word ... could best be replaced by _________
5. By ... the author means _________
6. The word ..., as used by the author, most nearly means ________
7. In this passage, the word ... means
8. ... in the context of the passage refers to _________
9. ..., as used in the passage, can best be defined as _________
例1
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program. In our society, youre considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours sleep. If youve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. Weve found that if youre in sleep deficit, performance suffers, says Dr. David. Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.
1. The word subjects in line 6 refers to ________.
A. the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B. special branches of knowledge that are being studied
