【简介】感谢网友“雕龙文库”参与投稿，这里小编给大家分享一些，方便大家学习。
The outpouring of contemporary American Indian literature in the last two decades, often called the Native American Renaissance, represents for many the first opportunity to experience Native American poetry. The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited, hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty, even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation, of completely conveying the originals verse structure, tone, and syntax.
By writing in English and experimenting with European literary forms, contemporary American Indian writers have broadened their potential audience, while clearly retaining many essential characteristics of their ancestral oral traditions. For example, Pulitzer-prizewinning author N. Scott Momadays poetry often treats art and mortality in a manner that recalls British romantic poetry, while his poetic response to the power of natural forces recalls Cherokee oral literature. In the same way, his novels, an art form European in origin, display an eloquence that echoes the oratorical grandeur of the great nineteenth-century American Indian chiefs.
17. According to the passage, Momadays poetry shares which of the following with British romantic poetry?
Verse structure
Oratorical techniques
Manner of treating certain themes
Use of certain syntactical constructions
Patterns of rhythm and rhyme
18. Which of the following is most likely one of the reasons that the author mentions the work of N. Scott Momaday?
To illustrate how the author believes that members of the Native American Renaissance have broadened their potential audience
To emphasize the similarities between Momadays writings and their European literary models
To demonstrate the contemporary appeal of traditional Native American oral literature
To suggest that contemporary American Indian writers have sacrificed traditional values for popular literary success
To imply the continuing popularity of translations of oral American Indian literature
19. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about written translations of oral Native American poetry?
They were less widely read than are the works of contemporary Native American poets writing in English.
They were often made by writers who were intimately familiar with both English and Native American languages.
They often gave their readers aesthetic satisfaction, despite their inaccuracies.
They usually lacked complex verse structure.
They were overly dependent on European literary models.
20. The passage suggests which of the following about American Indian poets before the Native American Renaissance?
Art and mortality were rarely the subjects of their poetry.
Their oratorical grandeur reached its peak in the nineteenth century.
They occasionally translated their own poetry.
They seldom wrote poetry in English.
They emphasized structure, tone, and syntax rather than literary form.
Recent findings suggest that visual signals are fed into at least three separate processing systems in the brain, each with its own distinct function. One system appears to process information about shape perception; a second, information about color; a third, information about movement, location, and spatial organization. An understanding of the functions and capabilities of these three systems can shed light on how artists manipulate materials to create surprising visual effects.
It is possible to summarize the functions of the three subsystems of the visual system as follows. The parvo system carries highly detailed information about stationary objects and about borders that are formed by contrasting colors. It does not, however, carry information about specific colors. Because much of the information about the shape of objects can be represented by their borders, we suspect that this system is important in shape perception. The blob system processes information about colors, but not about movement, shape discrimination, or depth. The magno system carries information about movement and depth. It is good at detecting motion but poor at scrutinizing stationary images. In addition it appears to be colorblind; it is unable to perceive borders that are visible only on the basis of color contrast.
Cells in the parvo system can distinguish between two colors at any relative brightness of the two. Cells in the color-blind magno system, on the other hand, are analogous to a black-and-white photograph in the way they function: they signal information about the brightness of surfaces but not about their colors. For any pair of colors there is a particular brightness ratio at which two colors, for example red and green, will appear as the same shade of gray in a black-and-white photograph, hence any border between them will vanish. Similarly at some relative red-to-green brightness level, the red and green will appear identical to the magno system. The red and green are then called equiluminant. A border between two equiluminant colors has color contrast but no luminance contrast .
Many artists have seemed to be empirically aware of these underlying principles and have used them to maximize particular effects. Some of the peculiar effects of Op Art , for example, probably arise from color combinations that are strong activators of the parvo system but are weak stimuli for the magno system. An object that is equiluminant with its background looks vibrant and unstable. The reason is that the parvo system can signal the objects shape but the magno system cannot see its borders and therefore cannot signal either the movement or the position of the object. Hence it seems to jump around, drift, or vibrate on the canvas.
21. The passage is primarily concerned with
describing subsystems of the visual system and showing their relevance to art
comparing three theories on how the visual system analyzes images in a work of art
explaining how artists use color contrasts to create particular visual effects
explaining how the visual system distinguishes among different colors
describing functions of the first three phases of the visual system
22. Which of the following would create visual effects most similar to those discussed in lines 43-48?
A watercolor in which colors are applied imprecisely to outlined shapes
A painting in which different shades of the same color are used to obscure the boundaries between objects
A black-and-white sketch in which shading is used to convey a sense of depth
An advertisement in which key words are at the same level of brightness as a background of contrasting color
A design in which two different shades of gray are juxtaposed to heighten the contrast between them
23. The passage provides information about which of the following?
Why the same system can process information about movement and location
Why the parvo system is considered to be responsible for shape perception
Why the blob system can process information about colors but not movement
The mechanism that enables the blob system to distinguish between stationary objects
The mechanism that enables the magno system to carry information about shape discrimination
24. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the visual system?
It processes visual signals in three consecutive stages.
It processes visual signals through separate processing systems in the brain.
It consists of only three separate systems.
It consists of a single hierarchical system rather than a multipartite system.
It consists of separate system with high overlap in processing functions.
25. The author mentions a black-and-white photograph most probably in order to explain
how the parvo system distinguishes between different shapes and colors
how the magno system uses luminosity to identify borders between objects
the mechanism that makes the magno system color-blind
why the magno system is capable of perceiving moving images
the brightness ratio at which colors become indistinguishable to the parvo system
26. The author uses all of the following in the discussion in the third paragraph EXCEPT:
an example
definition of terms
contrast
a rhetorical question
analogy
27. The passage suggests which of the following about the magno system?
It perceives borders on the basis of luminance contrast.
It perceives shapes on the basis of color contrast.
It is better at perceiving stationary objects than it is at detecting movement.
It can detect motion but it cannot signal the position of an object.
It is better at processing information about movement than it is at processing information about depth.
答案：17-27：CAADADBBBDA
The outpouring of contemporary American Indian literature in the last two decades, often called the Native American Renaissance, represents for many the first opportunity to experience Native American poetry. The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited, hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty, even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation, of completely conveying the originals verse structure, tone, and syntax.
By writing in English and experimenting with European literary forms, contemporary American Indian writers have broadened their potential audience, while clearly retaining many essential characteristics of their ancestral oral traditions. For example, Pulitzer-prizewinning author N. Scott Momadays poetry often treats art and mortality in a manner that recalls British romantic poetry, while his poetic response to the power of natural forces recalls Cherokee oral literature. In the same way, his novels, an art form European in origin, display an eloquence that echoes the oratorical grandeur of the great nineteenth-century American Indian chiefs.
17. According to the passage, Momadays poetry shares which of the following with British romantic poetry?
Verse structure
Oratorical techniques
Manner of treating certain themes
Use of certain syntactical constructions
Patterns of rhythm and rhyme
18. Which of the following is most likely one of the reasons that the author mentions the work of N. Scott Momaday?
To illustrate how the author believes that members of the Native American Renaissance have broadened their potential audience
To emphasize the similarities between Momadays writings and their European literary models
To demonstrate the contemporary appeal of traditional Native American oral literature
To suggest that contemporary American Indian writers have sacrificed traditional values for popular literary success
To imply the continuing popularity of translations of oral American Indian literature
19. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about written translations of oral Native American poetry?
They were less widely read than are the works of contemporary Native American poets writing in English.
They were often made by writers who were intimately familiar with both English and Native American languages.
They often gave their readers aesthetic satisfaction, despite their inaccuracies.
They usually lacked complex verse structure.
They were overly dependent on European literary models.
20. The passage suggests which of the following about American Indian poets before the Native American Renaissance?
Art and mortality were rarely the subjects of their poetry.
Their oratorical grandeur reached its peak in the nineteenth century.
They occasionally translated their own poetry.
They seldom wrote poetry in English.
They emphasized structure, tone, and syntax rather than literary form.
Recent findings suggest that visual signals are fed into at least three separate processing systems in the brain, each with its own distinct function. One system appears to process information about shape perception; a second, information about color; a third, information about movement, location, and spatial organization. An understanding of the functions and capabilities of these three systems can shed light on how artists manipulate materials to create surprising visual effects.
It is possible to summarize the functions of the three subsystems of the visual system as follows. The parvo system carries highly detailed information about stationary objects and about borders that are formed by contrasting colors. It does not, however, carry information about specific colors. Because much of the information about the shape of objects can be represented by their borders, we suspect that this system is important in shape perception. The blob system processes information about colors, but not about movement, shape discrimination, or depth. The magno system carries information about movement and depth. It is good at detecting motion but poor at scrutinizing stationary images. In addition it appears to be colorblind; it is unable to perceive borders that are visible only on the basis of color contrast.
Cells in the parvo system can distinguish between two colors at any relative brightness of the two. Cells in the color-blind magno system, on the other hand, are analogous to a black-and-white photograph in the way they function: they signal information about the brightness of surfaces but not about their colors. For any pair of colors there is a particular brightness ratio at which two colors, for example red and green, will appear as the same shade of gray in a black-and-white photograph, hence any border between them will vanish. Similarly at some relative red-to-green brightness level, the red and green will appear identical to the magno system. The red and green are then called equiluminant. A border between two equiluminant colors has color contrast but no luminance contrast .
Many artists have seemed to be empirically aware of these underlying principles and have used them to maximize particular effects. Some of the peculiar effects of Op Art , for example, probably arise from color combinations that are strong activators of the parvo system but are weak stimuli for the magno system. An object that is equiluminant with its background looks vibrant and unstable. The reason is that the parvo system can signal the objects shape but the magno system cannot see its borders and therefore cannot signal either the movement or the position of the object. Hence it seems to jump around, drift, or vibrate on the canvas.
21. The passage is primarily concerned with
describing subsystems of the visual system and showing their relevance to art
comparing three theories on how the visual system analyzes images in a work of art
explaining how artists use color contrasts to create particular visual effects
explaining how the visual system distinguishes among different colors
describing functions of the first three phases of the visual system
22. Which of the following would create visual effects most similar to those discussed in lines 43-48?
A watercolor in which colors are applied imprecisely to outlined shapes
A painting in which different shades of the same color are used to obscure the boundaries between objects
A black-and-white sketch in which shading is used to convey a sense of depth
An advertisement in which key words are at the same level of brightness as a background of contrasting color
A design in which two different shades of gray are juxtaposed to heighten the contrast between them
23. The passage provides information about which of the following?
Why the same system can process information about movement and location
Why the parvo system is considered to be responsible for shape perception
Why the blob system can process information about colors but not movement
The mechanism that enables the blob system to distinguish between stationary objects
The mechanism that enables the magno system to carry information about shape discrimination
24. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the visual system?
It processes visual signals in three consecutive stages.
It processes visual signals through separate processing systems in the brain.
It consists of only three separate systems.
It consists of a single hierarchical system rather than a multipartite system.
It consists of separate system with high overlap in processing functions.
25. The author mentions a black-and-white photograph most probably in order to explain
how the parvo system distinguishes between different shapes and colors
how the magno system uses luminosity to identify borders between objects
the mechanism that makes the magno system color-blind
why the magno system is capable of perceiving moving images
the brightness ratio at which colors become indistinguishable to the parvo system
26. The author uses all of the following in the discussion in the third paragraph EXCEPT:
an example
definition of terms
contrast
a rhetorical question
analogy
27. The passage suggests which of the following about the magno system?
It perceives borders on the basis of luminance contrast.
It perceives shapes on the basis of color contrast.
It is better at perceiving stationary objects than it is at detecting movement.
It can detect motion but it cannot signal the position of an object.
It is better at processing information about movement than it is at processing information about depth.
答案：17-27：CAADADBBBDA
