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Is the literary critic like the poet, responding creatively, intuitively, subjectively to the written word as the poet responds to human experience? Or is the critic more like a scientist, following a series of demonstrable, verifiable steps, using an objective method of analysis?
For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientifica valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can performthe definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. If she defines feminist criticism as creative and intuitive, privileged as art, then her work becomes vulnerable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think, and will be dismissed by much of the academic establishment. Because of these prejudices, women who use an intuitive approach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical, to be objective, or to think critically. Whereas men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist, women run different professional risks when they choose intuition and private experience as critical method and defense.
These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholarsonly now entering the academic profession in substantial numberswill be at stake , and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
As long as the academic establishment continues to regard objective analysis as masculine and an intuitive approach as feminine, the theoretician must steer a delicate philosophical course between the two. If she wishes to construct a theory of feminist criticism, she would be well advised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is neither purely objective nor purely intuitive. Her theory is then more likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of criticism with some degree of dispassionate distance.
17. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?
How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used
Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Critics
A Historical overview of Feminist literary Criticism
A New Theory of Literary Criticism
Literary Criticism: Art or Science?
18. It can be inferred that the author believes which of the following about women who are literary critics?
I. They can make a unique contribution to society.
II. They must develop a new theory of the critical process.
III. Their criticisms of literature should be entirely objective.
I only
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
19. The author specifically mentions all of the following as difficulties that particularly affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the
tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment to form preconceptions about women
limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific
likelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who claims the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some academics
inescapability of power struggles between women in the academic profession and the academic establishment
tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of feminist literary theory with hostility
20. According to the author, the debate mentioned in the passage has special significance for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism for which of the following reasons?
There are large numbers of capable women working within the academic establishment.
There are a few powerful feminist critics who have been recognized by the academic establishment.
Like other critics, most women who are literary critics define criticism as either scientific or artistic.
Women who are literary critics face professional risks different from those faced by men who are literary critics.
Women who are literary critics are more likely to participate in the debate than are men who are literary critics.
21. Which of the following is presented by the author in support of the suggestion that there is stereotypic thinking among members of the academic establishment?
A distinctively feminist contribution to humanistic understanding could work against the influence of sexism among members of the academic establishment.
Women who define criticism as artistic may be seen by the academic establishment as being incapable of critical thinking.
The debate over the role of the literary critic is often seen as a political one.
Women scholars are only now entering academia in substantial numbers.
The woman who is a critic is forced to construct a theory of literary criticism.
22. Which of the following is most likely to be one of the utilitarian political objectives mentioned by the author in line 16?
To forge a new theory of literary criticism
To pursue truth in a disinterested manner
To demonstrate that women are interested in literary criticism that can be viewed either subjectively or objectively
To convince the academic establishment to revise the ways in which it assesses women scholars professional qualities
To dissuade women who are literary critics from taking a subjective approach to literary criticism
23. It can be inferred that the author would define as political questions that
are contested largely through contentions over power
are primarily academic in nature and open to abstract analysis
are not in themselves important
cannot be resolved without extensive debate
will be debated by both men and women
Quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory: it supplies methods for accurately calculating the results of diverse experiments, especially with minute particles. The predictions of quantum mechanics, however, give only the probability of an event, not a deterministic statement of whether or not the event will occur. Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory throughout his life, though he did not maintain that quantum mechanics is wrong. Rather, he held that it is incomplete: in quantum mechanics the motion of a particle must be described in terms of probabilities, he argued, only because some parameters that determine the motion have not been specified. If these hypothetical hidden parameters were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined. Significantly, this hidden-parameter quantum theory leads to experimental predictions different from those of traditional quantum mechanics. Einsteins ideas have been tested by experiments performed since his death, and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einsteins approach is almost certainly erroneous.
24. The author regards the idea that traditional quantum mechanics is incomplete with
approval
surprise
indifference
apprehension
skepticism
25. It can be inferred from the passage that the authors conclusion that Einsteins approach is erroneous might have to be modified because
it is theoretically possible to generate plausible theories with hidden parameters within them
some experimental tests of Einsteins theory do not disconfirm the hidden-parameter theory of quantum mechanics
it is possible for a theory to have hidden parameters and yet be probabilistic
traditional quantum mechanics has not yet been used to analyze all of the phenomena to which it could be applied
there are too many possible hidden parameters to develop meaningful tests of hidden-parameter theories
26. According to the passage, Einstein posed objections to the
existence of hidden parameters in quantum theory
probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics
idea that quantum mechanics is incomplete
results of experiments testing quantum theory
importance accorded quantum mechanics in physics
27. The passage suggests that which of the following would have resulted if the experiments mentioned in lines 18-20 had not supported the predictions of traditional quantum mechanics?
Einstein, had he been alive, would have revised his approach to quantum mechanics.
Hidden-parameter theories would have been considered inaccurate descriptions of real-world phenomena.
A deterministic description of the motion of a particle might still be considered possible.
Quantum mechanics would have ceased to attract the attention of physicists.
Einstein, had he been alive, would have abandoned attempts to specify the hidden parameters that describe motion.
答案：17-27：BAEDBDAEBBC
Is the literary critic like the poet, responding creatively, intuitively, subjectively to the written word as the poet responds to human experience? Or is the critic more like a scientist, following a series of demonstrable, verifiable steps, using an objective method of analysis?
For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientifica valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can performthe definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. If she defines feminist criticism as creative and intuitive, privileged as art, then her work becomes vulnerable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think, and will be dismissed by much of the academic establishment. Because of these prejudices, women who use an intuitive approach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical, to be objective, or to think critically. Whereas men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist, women run different professional risks when they choose intuition and private experience as critical method and defense.
These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholarsonly now entering the academic profession in substantial numberswill be at stake , and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
As long as the academic establishment continues to regard objective analysis as masculine and an intuitive approach as feminine, the theoretician must steer a delicate philosophical course between the two. If she wishes to construct a theory of feminist criticism, she would be well advised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is neither purely objective nor purely intuitive. Her theory is then more likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of criticism with some degree of dispassionate distance.
17. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage?
How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used
Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Critics
A Historical overview of Feminist literary Criticism
A New Theory of Literary Criticism
Literary Criticism: Art or Science?
18. It can be inferred that the author believes which of the following about women who are literary critics?
I. They can make a unique contribution to society.
II. They must develop a new theory of the critical process.
III. Their criticisms of literature should be entirely objective.
I only
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
19. The author specifically mentions all of the following as difficulties that particularly affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the
tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment to form preconceptions about women
limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific
likelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who claims the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some academics
inescapability of power struggles between women in the academic profession and the academic establishment
tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of feminist literary theory with hostility
20. According to the author, the debate mentioned in the passage has special significance for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism for which of the following reasons?
There are large numbers of capable women working within the academic establishment.
There are a few powerful feminist critics who have been recognized by the academic establishment.
Like other critics, most women who are literary critics define criticism as either scientific or artistic.
Women who are literary critics face professional risks different from those faced by men who are literary critics.
Women who are literary critics are more likely to participate in the debate than are men who are literary critics.
21. Which of the following is presented by the author in support of the suggestion that there is stereotypic thinking among members of the academic establishment?
A distinctively feminist contribution to humanistic understanding could work against the influence of sexism among members of the academic establishment.
Women who define criticism as artistic may be seen by the academic establishment as being incapable of critical thinking.
The debate over the role of the literary critic is often seen as a political one.
Women scholars are only now entering academia in substantial numbers.
The woman who is a critic is forced to construct a theory of literary criticism.
22. Which of the following is most likely to be one of the utilitarian political objectives mentioned by the author in line 16?
To forge a new theory of literary criticism
To pursue truth in a disinterested manner
To demonstrate that women are interested in literary criticism that can be viewed either subjectively or objectively
To convince the academic establishment to revise the ways in which it assesses women scholars professional qualities
To dissuade women who are literary critics from taking a subjective approach to literary criticism
23. It can be inferred that the author would define as political questions that
are contested largely through contentions over power
are primarily academic in nature and open to abstract analysis
are not in themselves important
cannot be resolved without extensive debate
will be debated by both men and women
Quantum mechanics is a highly successful theory: it supplies methods for accurately calculating the results of diverse experiments, especially with minute particles. The predictions of quantum mechanics, however, give only the probability of an event, not a deterministic statement of whether or not the event will occur. Because of this probabilism, Einstein remained strongly dissatisfied with the theory throughout his life, though he did not maintain that quantum mechanics is wrong. Rather, he held that it is incomplete: in quantum mechanics the motion of a particle must be described in terms of probabilities, he argued, only because some parameters that determine the motion have not been specified. If these hypothetical hidden parameters were known, a fully deterministic trajectory could be defined. Significantly, this hidden-parameter quantum theory leads to experimental predictions different from those of traditional quantum mechanics. Einsteins ideas have been tested by experiments performed since his death, and as most of these experiments support traditional quantum mechanics, Einsteins approach is almost certainly erroneous.
24. The author regards the idea that traditional quantum mechanics is incomplete with
approval
surprise
indifference
apprehension
skepticism
25. It can be inferred from the passage that the authors conclusion that Einsteins approach is erroneous might have to be modified because
it is theoretically possible to generate plausible theories with hidden parameters within them
some experimental tests of Einsteins theory do not disconfirm the hidden-parameter theory of quantum mechanics
it is possible for a theory to have hidden parameters and yet be probabilistic
traditional quantum mechanics has not yet been used to analyze all of the phenomena to which it could be applied
there are too many possible hidden parameters to develop meaningful tests of hidden-parameter theories
26. According to the passage, Einstein posed objections to the
existence of hidden parameters in quantum theory
probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics
idea that quantum mechanics is incomplete
results of experiments testing quantum theory
importance accorded quantum mechanics in physics
27. The passage suggests that which of the following would have resulted if the experiments mentioned in lines 18-20 had not supported the predictions of traditional quantum mechanics?
Einstein, had he been alive, would have revised his approach to quantum mechanics.
Hidden-parameter theories would have been considered inaccurate descriptions of real-world phenomena.
A deterministic description of the motion of a particle might still be considered possible.
Quantum mechanics would have ceased to attract the attention of physicists.
Einstein, had he been alive, would have abandoned attempts to specify the hidden parameters that describe motion.
答案：17-27：BAEDBDAEBBC
