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Passage 43 结论解释型特别套路重点题78
主题Joseph Glatthaars 在战斗中锻炼 is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers letters and diaries2B―including rare material from Black soldiers―and concentrates more 2Bintensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors2. Glatthaars title3 expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the 共同危险 they faced in combat3D.
优点Glatthaar accurately describes the governments discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medical care, and job assignments, appropriately
emphasizing4 the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight4B. That chance remained limited throughout the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in后方梯队 assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate5 from disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great5C. Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers6C.
As one White officer 表达 it6, they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.
缺点In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change, however, Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments. Prior to the war, he writes of these men, virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices. While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other 自私的目的, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice 风土病 in American society, they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of 种族平均主义, these mens 家长式的作风 toward African Americans was racist. But to call their feelings powerful racial prejudices is to放纵，放任，滥用
历史沙文主义―to judge past eras by present standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following?主题题
An evaluation of a scholarly study特别套路
A description of an attitudinal change
A discussion of an analytical defect
An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author, which of the following is true of Glatthaars Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic2?信息题
It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
It uses more of a particular kind of source material2B and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic2B than do previous studies.材料多，黑白关系研究得比较多：这里的topic指的就是黑白关系
It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.没有比较，排除
It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect. 没有比较，排除
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaars book3 refers specifically to which of the following?
The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat
The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War3D
The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans repudiation of the previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receives special emphasis4 in Glatthaars book?
The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments4B黑人争取作战机会的斗争
The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
The motives of officers serving in Black units
The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units disease mortality rates5 in the Civil War?
They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.
They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.
They were especially high5C because of the nature of these units usual duty assignments.比白人高
They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.
They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the armys discriminatory policies.
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer6 in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that
virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers6C toward Black soldiers白人态度改变
White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28?类比题
Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation
Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions
Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is为了表明转变很大，故意夸大过去的状况
Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in generational chauvinism as that practice is defined in the passage?类比题
Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.
Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in ones youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable.
Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employees gender.
Deriding the superstitions accepted as science in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today.
Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as corrupt for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today.用的标准强加于古人
Passage 43 结论解释型特别套路重点题78
主题Joseph Glatthaars 在战斗中锻炼 is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers letters and diaries2B―including rare material from Black soldiers―and concentrates more 2Bintensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors2. Glatthaars title3 expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the 共同危险 they faced in combat3D.
优点Glatthaar accurately describes the governments discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medical care, and job assignments, appropriately
emphasizing4 the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight4B. That chance remained limited throughout the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in后方梯队 assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate5 from disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great5C. Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers6C.
As one White officer 表达 it6, they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.
缺点In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change, however, Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments. Prior to the war, he writes of these men, virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices. While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other 自私的目的, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice 风土病 in American society, they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of 种族平均主义, these mens 家长式的作风 toward African Americans was racist. But to call their feelings powerful racial prejudices is to放纵，放任，滥用
历史沙文主义―to judge past eras by present standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following?主题题
An evaluation of a scholarly study特别套路
A description of an attitudinal change
A discussion of an analytical defect
An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author, which of the following is true of Glatthaars Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic2?信息题
It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
It uses more of a particular kind of source material2B and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic2B than do previous studies.材料多，黑白关系研究得比较多：这里的topic指的就是黑白关系
It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.没有比较，排除
It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect. 没有比较，排除
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaars book3 refers specifically to which of the following?
The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat
The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War3D
The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans repudiation of the previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receives special emphasis4 in Glatthaars book?
The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments4B黑人争取作战机会的斗争
The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
The motives of officers serving in Black units
The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units disease mortality rates5 in the Civil War?
They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.
They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.
They were especially high5C because of the nature of these units usual duty assignments.比白人高
They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.
They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the armys discriminatory policies.
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer6 in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that
virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers6C toward Black soldiers白人态度改变
White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28?类比题
Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation
Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions
Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is为了表明转变很大，故意夸大过去的状况
Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in generational chauvinism as that practice is defined in the passage?类比题
Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.
Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in ones youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable.
Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employees gender.
Deriding the superstitions accepted as science in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today.
Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as corrupt for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today.用的标准强加于古人
