哲学词汇，常用哲学术语

雕龙文库 2024-01-14 16:58:10

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哲学词汇？哲学家专有名词 1 辩证法（dialectic）一种被黑格尔和马克思大加使用的哲学方法，在辩证法中，矛盾之间互相对抗以达到真理。辩证法的起源可以在古希腊哲学中找到。2 白板（tabula rasa）洛克哲学中的术语。那么，哲学词汇？一起来了解一下吧。

哲理的词语

pragmatism

A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.

empiricism

The theory that all concepts emanate from experience and that all statements claiming to express knowledge must be based on experience rather than on theory. Valid statements must be based on what can be proved to exist, not on what appears to exist. This is known as ontological privilege since ontology relates to the being or essence of things. Such statements must be able to be declared true or false without reference to theoretical statements. This is epistemological privilege since epistemology is the study of knowledge. Knowledge is held to be substantiated by justification derived from observed facts.

rationalism

Philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Rationalism has long been the rival of empiricism, the doctrine that all knowledge of matters of fact ultimately derives from, and must be tested by, sense experience. As against this doctrine, rationalism holds reason to be a faculty that can lay hold of truths beyond the reach of sense perception, both in certainty and in generality. In stressing the existence of a "natural light," rationalism also has been the rival of systems claiming esoteric knowledge, whether from mystical experience, revelation, or intuition, and has been opposed to various irrationalisms that tend to stress the biological, the emotional or volitional, the unconscious, or the existential at the expense of the rational.

absolutism

Originally (1733) a theological concept referring to God's total power to decide about salvation. Extended to politics indicating a regime in which the ruler might legitimately decide anything. Usually applied to monarchical regimes of the early modern period, chiefly that of Louis XIV of France, although the term was not used politically until towards the end of the eighteenth century when many such regimes were about to disappear. Unlike tyrannies, absolutist regimes are usually seen to have been legitimate, as indicated by Louis XVI of France in November 1788, just before the French Revolution, when he said to his cousin, the duc d'Orléans (father of the future king Louis Philippe, 1830-48), that any decision he made was legal because he willed it. Some contemporary historians deny that absolutism ever referred to an unlimited power or authority, but was always restricted by traditions and practices which effectively limited its scope.

Dogmatism

Dogmatism denies the relativity of knowledge and the connection of knowledge to historically changing practice and social relations. Dogmatism couplies these denials with the practice of treating knowledge as something abstract, not to be touched by additional input or real world experience. Dogmatism is thinking which minimises the validity of doubt (See Scepticism), asserting the possibility of certain and unalterable knowledge of the world.