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Political pressures in both the U.S. and China are straining ties between the two superpowers.
中美两国国内的政治压力开始令这两个超级大国之间的关系趋紧。
President Barack Obama, under attack by Republican nominee Mitt Romney for being soft on China, said Monday he is asking the World Trade Organization to rule that Beijing is illegally subsidizing autos and auto parts. Mr. Romney, who has been running ads in Ohio criticizing the president on trade policies toward China, called the move 'too little, too late.'
美国总统奥巴马(Barack Obama)周一说，他将要求世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)裁定北京对汽车和汽车部件提供补贴为非法。奥巴马被共和党总统候选人罗姆尼(Mitt Romney)指责对中国态度软弱。罗姆尼在俄亥俄州刊登的竞选广告中批评奥巴马对华贸易政策，称奥巴马的举措非但微不足道，而且为时已晚。
Chinese leaders, meanwhile, are under internal pressure to appear tough and please the military during China's own leadership transition, which gets under way this fall. They are facing off with Japan and other regional powers over ownership of several Pacific islands.
与此同时，中国领导人正面对国内压力，必须在将于今年秋季举行的领导人换届期间表现得强硬并令军方满意。由于太平洋数座岛屿的所有权问题，中国目前正在与日本和其他地区大国对峙。
Some major Japanese companies on Monday shut factories in China following an outbreak of anti-Japan demonstrations over the weekend.
上周末中国爆发了反日示威活动后，一些日本大型公司周一关闭了在华工厂。
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta walked into the dispute when he arrived in China Monday in search of a way to lower tensions. Mr. Panetta is supposed to meet Wednesday with Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping, who is expected to become the country's top leader in a few weeks.
美国国防部长帕内塔(Leon Panetta)走进了中日争端。他周一抵达中国，寻求缓解中日领土争端。按计划，帕内塔周三将与中国国家副主席习近平举行会晤。外界预计，习近平将于几周后成为中国最高领导人。
There is every reason to believe that tensions will continue to simmer.
但完全有理由相信中日紧张关系将继续发酵。
'Particularly at a time of leadership transition, nobody wants to appear soft on any external actor─not Japan, not the U.S.,' said Bonnie Glaser, an expert on Chinese security issues at the Center for International and Strategic Studies.
美国战略与国际研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)中国安全事务专家葛来仪(Bonnie Glaser)说，特别是在领导人换届之际，谁都不想对外显得软弱，无论是对日本还是对美国。
The WTO complaint by the Obama administration is its third this year and eighth against China, and the president traveled to the election-battleground state of Ohio to address the issue. 'American workers build better products than anybody,' Mr. Obama said to cheers. 'Made in America means something.'
奥巴马政府向世界贸易组织提出的申诉是今年第三次、总计第八次针对中国的申诉，此外，他还前往选情激烈的俄亥俄州表明自己的立常奥巴马在听众的欢呼声中说，美国工人比其他任何人制造的产品都要好，“美国制造意义非凡。
Mr. Romney wasted no time calling Mr. Obama's WTO complaint inadequate. 'Campaign-season trade cases may sound good on the stump, but it is too little, too late for American businesses and middle-class families,' said Mr. Romney, whose ads promise he will 'stand up to China.'
罗姆尼则立即反驳称奥巴马向世界贸易组织提出的申诉还不够。罗姆尼说，竞选期间为在各地拉选票而提出的贸易案可能听上去不错，但对美国企业和中产阶级家庭来说，这一举措非但微不足道，而且为时已晚。罗姆尼的竞选广告承诺他将“与中国针锋相对。
Polls show little downside in the U.S. to beating up on Beijing. An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll in June found that 62% saw China as an adversary; just 25% saw it as an ally. And the advantages are clear for Republicans: A Bloomberg poll in June showed 40% of voters were dissatisfied with the Obama administration's China trade policies while only 32% were satisfied.
民意调查显示，美国国内民众对北京的批评和指责之势丝毫未减。美国全国广播公司(NBC)与《华尔街日报》今年6月进行的一项民调显示，有62%的受访者将中国视为对手，只有25%的人将其视为盟友。此外，共和党的优势明显：彭博社(Bloomberg)今年6月进行的一行民调显示，有40%的选民对奥巴马政府的对华贸易政策感到不满，只有32%的人感到满意。
Similarly for the Chinese, feelings of national pride among the masses provide leaders with a grass-roots stamp of approval for their worldly ambitions. China's leaders can point to restlessness among its people or its military in pressing their claims abroad─with the Americans, Japanese or others.
同样的，对中国人而言，大众的民族自豪感使领导人的世俗野心得到了民众的认可。中国领导人在推进海外主张时──不论是面对美国人、日本人抑或是其他人，都可以以中国民众或军方躁动的民族情绪为由。
'It's a version of the good-cop, bad-cop routine,' said James Holmes, a China expert at the U.S. Naval Warfare College.
美国海军军事学院(U.S. Naval Warfare College)中国问题专家霍尔姆斯(James Holmes)说，这属于一个唱红脸一个唱黑脸的常规做法。
Unlike the U.S., where voters can throw a weak leader out of office, China's system is more diffuse. Leaders rise by the approval they receive from powerful patrons and interest groups within the Chinese Communist Party, or elsewhere in the system. State-owned corporations represent a powerful domestic voice.
美国选民可以让软弱的领导人下台，中国则不一样，它的制度没有那么直接。准许领导人上台的，是位高权重的支持者，以及党内或体制内其他部门的利益团体。国有企业在国内也拥有很大的话语权。
'It's very hard to work against the interests of some major players,' said Kenneth Lieberthal, who was a White House national security adviser specializing in China during the Clinton administration and is now at the Brookings Institution.
曾在克林顿(Clinton)政府时期担任白宫国家安全顾问（中国问题方向）的李侃如(Kenneth Lieberthal)说，要违背某些重要参与方的利益是非常困难的。李侃如目前任职于布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)。
'The druthers of the Xi Jinping leadership would be to tamp things down internationally a lot so that they can focus on their domestic agenda,' he said.
他说，习近平这一届领导人很有可能会选择让国际问题大大降温，这样他们才能够把注意力集中在国内事务上。
But if the U.S. holds to an aggressive stance, or implements Mr. Romney's pledge to begin battering China over its currency policies on Day 1 of his administration, Mr. Xi will have to respond forcefully.
但如果美国维持强硬姿态，或是罗姆尼上台、兑现其打击中国汇率政策的承诺，那么习近平将不得不作出强有力的回应。
Said Mr. Lieberthal: 'If the U.S. challenges China, and he does not react strongly, he doesn't have a prayer.'
李侃如说，如果美国向中国发起挑战，而习近平不做有力回应，那么他就没机会了。
U.S. officials hope to head off a crisis through Mr. Panetta's visit. Within the South China Sea and East China Sea, tensions have been rising as China and its neighbors parry competing claims to islands, waters and the resources beneath them. China is competing with the Philippines over claims to an area in the South China Sea known as Scarborough Shoal, and is vying with the Philippines and others for control of the Spratly Islands.
美国官员希望通过帕内塔的访问防范危机出现。随着中国及其邻国对南中国海(South China Sea, 中国称南海)及东中国海(East China Sea, 中国称东海)岛屿、海域和海底资源提出相互冲突的声索，这两个地区的矛盾越来越激烈。中国和菲律宾都称南海斯卡伯勒浅滩(Scarborough Shoal，即黄岩岛)为自己的领土，同时中国也在和菲律宾等国争夺斯普拉特利群岛(Spratly Islands，即南沙群岛)的控制权。
A more troubling dispute is brewing in the East China Sea as Japan and China face off over an uninhabited archipelago known as the Senkaku Islands in Japan and as the Diaoyu Islands to the Chinese.
随着日本和中国因东海争议岛屿产生对峙，一场更加麻烦的争端正在发酵。这片岛屿在日本称为尖阁列岛，在中国称为钓鱼岛。
Mr. Panetta left Japan for Beijing on Monday, calling the situation risky and warning of the possibility of a 'blowup.'
帕内塔周一离开日本前往北京。他说当前局势充满风险，并警告称有“爆发的可能。
The defense secretary's message to the Chinese: Take part in talks to resolve the territorial disputes. The protests in China are expected to continue through the week, fueled by Tuesday's anniversary of Japan's 1931 incursion into northeast China.
帕内塔传递给中国人的信息是：请通过谈判来解决领土纠纷。由于本周二是“9·18纪念日，中国当前出现的示威预计将持续一整周。1931年年9月18日，日本入侵中国东北。
Chinese security officials stepped up their presence on the anniversary. Thousands gathered in front of the Japanese embassy in Beijing on Tuesday morning under the watch of what might have been as many security personnel. The crowd's numbers were growing rapidly as the morning went on. Many carried portraits of Mao Zedong. But the scene was still considerably quieter than over the weekend, when protesters engaged in shoving matches with police.
中国安全官员在纪念日当天加强了防范措施。周二上午，数千人聚集在位于北京的日本驻华大使馆门前，不过可能有数量相同的安全人员在密切留意现场情形。周二上午，随着时间一点点过去，聚集人群的数量迅速增加。很多人举着毛泽东画像。但和上周末相比，北京的情况显得平静了很多。抗议者在上周末同警方发生了推搡。
Chinese radio has issued reports that as many as 1,000 Chinese fishing boats are heading toward the islands, under protection from six Chinese maritime surveillance boats.
据中国电台报道，多达1,000艘中国渔船在六艘海监船护卫下，正在朝钓鱼岛进发。
A key question will be whether the U.S. is considered an honest broker in the dispute. Mr. Panetta represents an administration that has engaged in a military buildup in the region that Washington views as a response to pleas from allies, but that China considers to be aimed squarely at Beijing.
一个关键的问题是，美国是否会被视为这场争端的真诚调解人。帕内塔所代表的政府一直在亚洲地区增加军事存在，华盛顿将此视为回应盟友请求而采取的行动，但中国则认为这是直接针对北京。
In his trip to Japan, Mr. Panetta announced a deal to beef up U.S. radar in the country to protect against North Korea, but the step is seen in Beijing as a military challenge to Chinese missile program.
访问日本期间，帕内塔宣布日美达成协议，美国将增加在日本的雷达部署，以防范朝鲜。但此举在北京被视为针对中国导弹计划的军事挑战。
Political pressures in both the U.S. and China are straining ties between the two superpowers.
中美两国国内的政治压力开始令这两个超级大国之间的关系趋紧。
President Barack Obama, under attack by Republican nominee Mitt Romney for being soft on China, said Monday he is asking the World Trade Organization to rule that Beijing is illegally subsidizing autos and auto parts. Mr. Romney, who has been running ads in Ohio criticizing the president on trade policies toward China, called the move 'too little, too late.'
美国总统奥巴马(Barack Obama)周一说，他将要求世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)裁定北京对汽车和汽车部件提供补贴为非法。奥巴马被共和党总统候选人罗姆尼(Mitt Romney)指责对中国态度软弱。罗姆尼在俄亥俄州刊登的竞选广告中批评奥巴马对华贸易政策，称奥巴马的举措非但微不足道，而且为时已晚。
Chinese leaders, meanwhile, are under internal pressure to appear tough and please the military during China's own leadership transition, which gets under way this fall. They are facing off with Japan and other regional powers over ownership of several Pacific islands.
与此同时，中国领导人正面对国内压力，必须在将于今年秋季举行的领导人换届期间表现得强硬并令军方满意。由于太平洋数座岛屿的所有权问题，中国目前正在与日本和其他地区大国对峙。
Some major Japanese companies on Monday shut factories in China following an outbreak of anti-Japan demonstrations over the weekend.
上周末中国爆发了反日示威活动后，一些日本大型公司周一关闭了在华工厂。
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta walked into the dispute when he arrived in China Monday in search of a way to lower tensions. Mr. Panetta is supposed to meet Wednesday with Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping, who is expected to become the country's top leader in a few weeks.
美国国防部长帕内塔(Leon Panetta)走进了中日争端。他周一抵达中国，寻求缓解中日领土争端。按计划，帕内塔周三将与中国国家副主席习近平举行会晤。外界预计，习近平将于几周后成为中国最高领导人。
There is every reason to believe that tensions will continue to simmer.
但完全有理由相信中日紧张关系将继续发酵。
'Particularly at a time of leadership transition, nobody wants to appear soft on any external actor─not Japan, not the U.S.,' said Bonnie Glaser, an expert on Chinese security issues at the Center for International and Strategic Studies.
美国战略与国际研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)中国安全事务专家葛来仪(Bonnie Glaser)说，特别是在领导人换届之际，谁都不想对外显得软弱，无论是对日本还是对美国。
The WTO complaint by the Obama administration is its third this year and eighth against China, and the president traveled to the election-battleground state of Ohio to address the issue. 'American workers build better products than anybody,' Mr. Obama said to cheers. 'Made in America means something.'
奥巴马政府向世界贸易组织提出的申诉是今年第三次、总计第八次针对中国的申诉，此外，他还前往选情激烈的俄亥俄州表明自己的立常奥巴马在听众的欢呼声中说，美国工人比其他任何人制造的产品都要好，“美国制造意义非凡。
Mr. Romney wasted no time calling Mr. Obama's WTO complaint inadequate. 'Campaign-season trade cases may sound good on the stump, but it is too little, too late for American businesses and middle-class families,' said Mr. Romney, whose ads promise he will 'stand up to China.'
罗姆尼则立即反驳称奥巴马向世界贸易组织提出的申诉还不够。罗姆尼说，竞选期间为在各地拉选票而提出的贸易案可能听上去不错，但对美国企业和中产阶级家庭来说，这一举措非但微不足道，而且为时已晚。罗姆尼的竞选广告承诺他将“与中国针锋相对。
Polls show little downside in the U.S. to beating up on Beijing. An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll in June found that 62% saw China as an adversary; just 25% saw it as an ally. And the advantages are clear for Republicans: A Bloomberg poll in June showed 40% of voters were dissatisfied with the Obama administration's China trade policies while only 32% were satisfied.
民意调查显示，美国国内民众对北京的批评和指责之势丝毫未减。美国全国广播公司(NBC)与《华尔街日报》今年6月进行的一项民调显示，有62%的受访者将中国视为对手，只有25%的人将其视为盟友。此外，共和党的优势明显：彭博社(Bloomberg)今年6月进行的一行民调显示，有40%的选民对奥巴马政府的对华贸易政策感到不满，只有32%的人感到满意。
Similarly for the Chinese, feelings of national pride among the masses provide leaders with a grass-roots stamp of approval for their worldly ambitions. China's leaders can point to restlessness among its people or its military in pressing their claims abroad─with the Americans, Japanese or others.
同样的，对中国人而言，大众的民族自豪感使领导人的世俗野心得到了民众的认可。中国领导人在推进海外主张时──不论是面对美国人、日本人抑或是其他人，都可以以中国民众或军方躁动的民族情绪为由。
'It's a version of the good-cop, bad-cop routine,' said James Holmes, a China expert at the U.S. Naval Warfare College.
美国海军军事学院(U.S. Naval Warfare College)中国问题专家霍尔姆斯(James Holmes)说，这属于一个唱红脸一个唱黑脸的常规做法。
Unlike the U.S., where voters can throw a weak leader out of office, China's system is more diffuse. Leaders rise by the approval they receive from powerful patrons and interest groups within the Chinese Communist Party, or elsewhere in the system. State-owned corporations represent a powerful domestic voice.
美国选民可以让软弱的领导人下台，中国则不一样，它的制度没有那么直接。准许领导人上台的，是位高权重的支持者，以及党内或体制内其他部门的利益团体。国有企业在国内也拥有很大的话语权。
'It's very hard to work against the interests of some major players,' said Kenneth Lieberthal, who was a White House national security adviser specializing in China during the Clinton administration and is now at the Brookings Institution.
曾在克林顿(Clinton)政府时期担任白宫国家安全顾问（中国问题方向）的李侃如(Kenneth Lieberthal)说，要违背某些重要参与方的利益是非常困难的。李侃如目前任职于布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)。
'The druthers of the Xi Jinping leadership would be to tamp things down internationally a lot so that they can focus on their domestic agenda,' he said.
他说，习近平这一届领导人很有可能会选择让国际问题大大降温，这样他们才能够把注意力集中在国内事务上。
But if the U.S. holds to an aggressive stance, or implements Mr. Romney's pledge to begin battering China over its currency policies on Day 1 of his administration, Mr. Xi will have to respond forcefully.
但如果美国维持强硬姿态，或是罗姆尼上台、兑现其打击中国汇率政策的承诺，那么习近平将不得不作出强有力的回应。
Said Mr. Lieberthal: 'If the U.S. challenges China, and he does not react strongly, he doesn't have a prayer.'
李侃如说，如果美国向中国发起挑战，而习近平不做有力回应，那么他就没机会了。
U.S. officials hope to head off a crisis through Mr. Panetta's visit. Within the South China Sea and East China Sea, tensions have been rising as China and its neighbors parry competing claims to islands, waters and the resources beneath them. China is competing with the Philippines over claims to an area in the South China Sea known as Scarborough Shoal, and is vying with the Philippines and others for control of the Spratly Islands.
美国官员希望通过帕内塔的访问防范危机出现。随着中国及其邻国对南中国海(South China Sea, 中国称南海)及东中国海(East China Sea, 中国称东海)岛屿、海域和海底资源提出相互冲突的声索，这两个地区的矛盾越来越激烈。中国和菲律宾都称南海斯卡伯勒浅滩(Scarborough Shoal，即黄岩岛)为自己的领土，同时中国也在和菲律宾等国争夺斯普拉特利群岛(Spratly Islands，即南沙群岛)的控制权。
A more troubling dispute is brewing in the East China Sea as Japan and China face off over an uninhabited archipelago known as the Senkaku Islands in Japan and as the Diaoyu Islands to the Chinese.
随着日本和中国因东海争议岛屿产生对峙，一场更加麻烦的争端正在发酵。这片岛屿在日本称为尖阁列岛，在中国称为钓鱼岛。
Mr. Panetta left Japan for Beijing on Monday, calling the situation risky and warning of the possibility of a 'blowup.'
帕内塔周一离开日本前往北京。他说当前局势充满风险，并警告称有“爆发的可能。
The defense secretary's message to the Chinese: Take part in talks to resolve the territorial disputes. The protests in China are expected to continue through the week, fueled by Tuesday's anniversary of Japan's 1931 incursion into northeast China.
帕内塔传递给中国人的信息是：请通过谈判来解决领土纠纷。由于本周二是“9·18纪念日，中国当前出现的示威预计将持续一整周。1931年年9月18日，日本入侵中国东北。
Chinese security officials stepped up their presence on the anniversary. Thousands gathered in front of the Japanese embassy in Beijing on Tuesday morning under the watch of what might have been as many security personnel. The crowd's numbers were growing rapidly as the morning went on. Many carried portraits of Mao Zedong. But the scene was still considerably quieter than over the weekend, when protesters engaged in shoving matches with police.
中国安全官员在纪念日当天加强了防范措施。周二上午，数千人聚集在位于北京的日本驻华大使馆门前，不过可能有数量相同的安全人员在密切留意现场情形。周二上午，随着时间一点点过去，聚集人群的数量迅速增加。很多人举着毛泽东画像。但和上周末相比，北京的情况显得平静了很多。抗议者在上周末同警方发生了推搡。
Chinese radio has issued reports that as many as 1,000 Chinese fishing boats are heading toward the islands, under protection from six Chinese maritime surveillance boats.
据中国电台报道，多达1,000艘中国渔船在六艘海监船护卫下，正在朝钓鱼岛进发。
A key question will be whether the U.S. is considered an honest broker in the dispute. Mr. Panetta represents an administration that has engaged in a military buildup in the region that Washington views as a response to pleas from allies, but that China considers to be aimed squarely at Beijing.
一个关键的问题是，美国是否会被视为这场争端的真诚调解人。帕内塔所代表的政府一直在亚洲地区增加军事存在，华盛顿将此视为回应盟友请求而采取的行动，但中国则认为这是直接针对北京。
In his trip to Japan, Mr. Panetta announced a deal to beef up U.S. radar in the country to protect against North Korea, but the step is seen in Beijing as a military challenge to Chinese missile program.
访问日本期间，帕内塔宣布日美达成协议，美国将增加在日本的雷达部署，以防范朝鲜。但此举在北京被视为针对中国导弹计划的军事挑战。
