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The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine extinctions. In the early 1980s, scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled a master list of marine species that died out during the past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. These mass extinctions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.
Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically. These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existence of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect geologic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism, seafloor spreading, and plate movement.
17. According to the passage, Raup and Sepkoskis research was concerned with
learning more about the habitats of marine species
studying plate tectonics and the occurrence of volcanism over the past 268 million years
examining extinctions of marine species over the past 268 million years
finding out whether a rhythmically recurring geologic force exists
confirming previous evidence suggesting that extinction of terrestrial species occurred regularly
18. The author of the passage would most likely describe the findings of Raup and Sepkoski as
plausible, because the findings supported the theories of previous researchers
significant, because the findings were an impetus for subsequent research
controversial, because the findings contradicted the theories of previous researchers
questionable, because the authors were not working in their field of expertise
definitive, because the findings confirmed the existence of a rhythmically recurring force
19. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
determining the dates of various geologic events
defending the conclusions reached by Raup and Sepkoski
establishing a link between the disciplines of paleontology and geology
proving that mass extinctions of marine animals occur periodically
explaining how a theory concerning geologic events was formulated
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the force mentioned in lines 16 and 18?
It is responsible for most of the major geologic events that have occurred.
It is responsible for most of the marine extinctions that have occurred.
Its recurrence is unlikely to be able to be predicted by scientists.
Its existence was not seriously considered by scientists before Raup and Sepkoski did their research.
Its existence was confirmed by the research of Raup and Sepkoski.
A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packinghouse workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.
In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packinghouses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packinghouses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked. The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880s at the latest , and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s, and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industrys workers from the 1880s on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process , pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.
The authors misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty generalizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packersthe giant yards and the intricate plantsthan of the unity and vibrance of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicagos South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.
21. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry
why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry
why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurate
what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers role in the national labor movement
what data are most relevant for an accurate account of the relations between Chicago meat-packers and local labor agitators
22. The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT:
data from the University of Chicago
a recent history of the meat-packing industry
social workers
historical sources for the late nineteenth century
government records
23. The author of the passage mentions the social movement generated by Chicagos South Side community primarily in order to
inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of time covered by the history
suggest the historys limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately
salvage the historys point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unity
introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicagos ethnic communities
suggest that the history should have focused more on the general issue of the relationship between labor movements and healthy industrial communities
24. According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880s were influenced by
the workers determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their work
the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packinghouses
the workers ability to perform the industrys complex tasks
improvements in the industrys packing process that occurred in the 1880s
opportunities for job advancement due to the filling of less desirable positions by increasing numbers of unskilled workers
25. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to
summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passage
explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by critics
evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history discussed in the passage
introduce a hypothesis that will be discussed in detail later in the passage
present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage
26. The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicagos South Side can best be described as one of
appreciation of the communitys ability to cope with difficult conditions
admiration for the communitys refusal to cooperate with labor agitators
indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced
annoyance at the communitys inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-packing industry
concern that the meat-packers feelings for their community have not been documented
27. The information in the passage suggests that the author of the history discussed in the passage made which of the following errors?
Failing to recognize the effect of the diversity of the South Side community on the meat-packers efforts to reform the industry
Attributing good working conditions in the meat-packing industry to the efforts of labor agitators
Overemphasizing the importance of the availability of unskilled labor as an influence on conditions in the meat packing industry
Interpreting the meat-packers feelings for their community as appreciation of their industry
Failing to observe the pride and contentment felt by the meat-packers
答案：17-27：CBEDCBBCEAD
The origin of the theory that major geologic events may occur at regular intervals can be traced back not to a study of volcanism or plate tectonics but to an investigation of marine extinctions. In the early 1980s, scientists began to look closely at the question of how these extinctions occur. Two paleontologists, Raup and Sepkoski, compiled a master list of marine species that died out during the past 268 million years and noted that there were brief periods during which many species disappeared at once. These mass extinctions occurred at surprisingly regular intervals.
Later studies revealed that extinctions of terrestrial reptiles and mammals also occurred periodically. These findings, combined with the research of Raup and Sepkoski, led scientists to hypothesize the existence of some kind of cyclically recurring force powerful enough to affect living things profoundly. Speculation that so powerful a force might affect geologic events as well led geologists to search for evidence of periodicity in episodes of volcanism, seafloor spreading, and plate movement.
17. According to the passage, Raup and Sepkoskis research was concerned with
learning more about the habitats of marine species
studying plate tectonics and the occurrence of volcanism over the past 268 million years
examining extinctions of marine species over the past 268 million years
finding out whether a rhythmically recurring geologic force exists
confirming previous evidence suggesting that extinction of terrestrial species occurred regularly
18. The author of the passage would most likely describe the findings of Raup and Sepkoski as
plausible, because the findings supported the theories of previous researchers
significant, because the findings were an impetus for subsequent research
controversial, because the findings contradicted the theories of previous researchers
questionable, because the authors were not working in their field of expertise
definitive, because the findings confirmed the existence of a rhythmically recurring force
19. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
determining the dates of various geologic events
defending the conclusions reached by Raup and Sepkoski
establishing a link between the disciplines of paleontology and geology
proving that mass extinctions of marine animals occur periodically
explaining how a theory concerning geologic events was formulated
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the force mentioned in lines 16 and 18?
It is responsible for most of the major geologic events that have occurred.
It is responsible for most of the marine extinctions that have occurred.
Its recurrence is unlikely to be able to be predicted by scientists.
Its existence was not seriously considered by scientists before Raup and Sepkoski did their research.
Its existence was confirmed by the research of Raup and Sepkoski.
A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packinghouse workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.
In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packinghouses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packinghouses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked. The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880s at the latest , and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s, and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industrys workers from the 1880s on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process , pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.
The authors misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty generalizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packersthe giant yards and the intricate plantsthan of the unity and vibrance of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicagos South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.
21. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry
why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry
why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurate
what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers role in the national labor movement
what data are most relevant for an accurate account of the relations between Chicago meat-packers and local labor agitators
22. The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT:
data from the University of Chicago
a recent history of the meat-packing industry
social workers
historical sources for the late nineteenth century
government records
23. The author of the passage mentions the social movement generated by Chicagos South Side community primarily in order to
inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of time covered by the history
suggest the historys limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately
salvage the historys point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unity
introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicagos ethnic communities
suggest that the history should have focused more on the general issue of the relationship between labor movements and healthy industrial communities
24. According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880s were influenced by
the workers determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their work
the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packinghouses
the workers ability to perform the industrys complex tasks
improvements in the industrys packing process that occurred in the 1880s
opportunities for job advancement due to the filling of less desirable positions by increasing numbers of unskilled workers
25. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to
summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passage
explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by critics
evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history discussed in the passage
introduce a hypothesis that will be discussed in detail later in the passage
present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage
26. The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicagos South Side can best be described as one of
appreciation of the communitys ability to cope with difficult conditions
admiration for the communitys refusal to cooperate with labor agitators
indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced
annoyance at the communitys inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-packing industry
concern that the meat-packers feelings for their community have not been documented
27. The information in the passage suggests that the author of the history discussed in the passage made which of the following errors?
Failing to recognize the effect of the diversity of the South Side community on the meat-packers efforts to reform the industry
Attributing good working conditions in the meat-packing industry to the efforts of labor agitators
Overemphasizing the importance of the availability of unskilled labor as an influence on conditions in the meat packing industry
Interpreting the meat-packers feelings for their community as appreciation of their industry
Failing to observe the pride and contentment felt by the meat-packers
答案：17-27：CBEDCBBCEAD
