gre考试阅读真题解析

雕龙文库 2024-01-21 23:24:30

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　　Many philosophers disagree over the definition of morality, but most disputants fall into one of two categories: egocentrics, who define morality as the pursuit of self-fulfillment, and sociocentrics, who define morality as an individuals obligations to society. Where does the truth lie? Fortunately, the stem of the word morality provides some clues. The word mores originally referred to the customs of preliterate cultures. Mores, which embodied each cultures ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. These mores were concerned with such skills as food-gathering and warfare as well as an individuals relationships with others. Thus, I submit , morality must be concerned with what is honored by the community at large . However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how virtuous, cannot perform the duties morality assigns them.

　　17. The primary purpose of this passage is to

　　 summarize an argument

　　 resolve a dispute

　　 trace a words origin

　　 prove a hypothesis

　　 initiate a debate

　　18. According to the passage, mores in preliterate cultures concerned such skills as warfare and food-gathering because these skills were

　　 characteristic of an individuals self-fulfillment

　　 examples of a cultures traditions

　　 manifestations of an individuals ideals

　　 demonstrations of an individuals contributions to the community

　　 examples of a communitys governing principles

　　19. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding sociocentrics and egocentrics?

　　 The position of the sociocentrics is stronger than that of the egocentrics.

　　 The positions of the egocentrics and sociocentrics are of equal merit.

　　 There is no merit in the position of the egocentrics.

　　 Neither position contributes very much to an understanding of the definition of morality.

　　 The dispute between the egocentrics and sociocentrics is based on trivial issues.

　　20. With which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the individual and morality would the author be most likely to agree?

　　 Failure in social obligations is the price of success in individual endeavors.

　　 The unfulfilled citizen cannot fulfill his moral obligations to the community.

　　 Morality is unconcerned with conflicts among citizens.

　　 The unfulfilled citizen is without virtue.

　　 Wealth harms a citizens moral standing in the community.

　　The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such as impairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthy pancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releases small quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains the concentration within physiological limits . But the diabetic generally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetics blood glucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses, and it has been suggested that the complications result from the periods of high concentrations of blood glucose . Many investigators thus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression of such complications and perhaps even reverse them.

　　There are three primary techniques that have been investigated for restoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthy pancreases; transplantation of islets of Langerhans, that portion of the pancreas that actually secretes insulin; and implantation of artificial pancreases. There has, in fact, been a great deal of success in the development of these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, it will undoubtedly be many years before any one of them is accepted as a treatment for diabetes.

　　To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply to transplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and other organs are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when the first recorded pancreas transplant was performed. Between 1966 and 1975, there were forty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the United States and five other countries. But only one of these patients is still alive with a functioning graft, and surgeons have found that the procedure is not as simple as they once thought.

　　The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation. Another patient survived 638 days without requiring insulin. And one patient survived a transplantation for more than a year, but died when he chose not to take the immunosuppressive drugs. These results, though meager, suggest that the procedure has the potential for success.

　　The rest of the patients, however, either rejected the transplant or died within a short period. There does not appear to be any technical problem with the procedure. Rather, most of the patients were already so severely debilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand the surgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection. More than half of the patients, furthermore, also required a kidney transplant. Most investigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs is too great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk.

　　21. Which of the following best states one of the main conclusions of the passage?

　　 Although the techniques for pancreas transplants appear to be theoretically correct, there are problems that must be solved before the operation can be used as a treatment for diabetes.

　　 Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still being developed, the experimental results show that the operation will be a successful treatment for diabetes in the near future.

　　 Although pancreas transplants are reliable, many diabetics are reluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.

　　 Although pancreas transplants alone are not generally successful, the operation can be used in conjunction with other procedures to treat diabetes.

　　 Although pancreas transplants have not been successful in treating diabetes, research indicates that other procedures may soon be developed.

　　22. According to the passage, widely spaced doses of insulin can cause.

　　 reversal of normal kidney function

　　 delay in the onset of diabetes

　　 radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose

　　 restoration of normoglycemia

　　 marked variations in the islets of Langerhans

　　23. According to the passage, a periodic high concentration of blood glucose in diabetics is a possible cause of

　　 deterioration of the pancreas

　　 damage to the eyes and kidneys

　　 rejection of transplanted organs

　　 inadequate secretion of insulin

　　 increased production of blood cells

　　24. It can be inferred from the passage that one of the important contributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the

　　 reluctance of patients to cooperate with physicians

　　 imperfect techniques used in the operations

　　 scarcity of immunosuppressive drugs

　　 unavailability or healthy pancreases

　　 weakened condition of the patients

　　25. The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions?

　　I. What is hyperglycemia?

　　II. What is one cause of hyperglycemia?

　　III. What are some of the organs that can be adversely affected by hyperglycemia?

　　 I only

　　 II only

　　 I and III only

　　 II and III only

　　 I, II, and III

　　26. On the basis of the information in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the islets of Langerhans?

　　I. They are important for the normal control of blood glucose concentration.

　　II. They can be transplanted independently of other pancreatic cells.

　　III. They regulate immunosuppressive reactions.